The negative effects of obesity include more than an unattractive appearance. Ideally, a thin layer of fat should cover the rib cage, while still allowing each rib to be easily felt. A visible waist and tuck up (the abdominal area between the rib cage and the front of the hind legs) is another physical characteristic of a healthy dog. Your pet is considered obese if his body fat is over 20% above the optimum body weight. The minimum fat required for puppies is roughly eight percent and five percent for adult dogs; while the recommended fat level is 17% for puppies and 9-15% for adults. Remember, though, that each breed has different physical characteristics and a size that is healthy for one breed may be considered malnourishment or obesity in another breed. Labrador Retrievers, Daschunds, Beagles, Cocker Spaniels, Basset Hounds, and Shetland Sheepdogs, among others, are more prone to weight gain than other breeds.

To prevent obesity, monitor your dog’s food intake and exercise schedule. Control the amount of food you feed your dog each day; an empty bowl or begging dog is not necessarily a sign of a hungry dog in need of more food. Your dog may wander by their food bowl because they are bored or desire attention. If you think your dog is not getting enough food, add vegetables, such as green beans or carrots, to their dog food instead of giving more dog food. Adding vegetables will satisfy your dog’s appetite and is healthier. In addition, monitor the fat content in your dog’s food; consider switching to a brand with a lower fat content. Make sure your dog is getting prolonged exercise at least twice a week. Go for long walks together, extended playtimes at the dog park, or a combination of swimming and running.

Obesity increases your dog’s chances of disease. The following health risks are likely in obese dogs:

* Bone and Joint Damage
* Heart Disease
* Increased Blood Pressure
* Breathing Difficulties
* Decreased Stamina
* Decreased Liver Function
* Heat Intolerance
* Dystocia (Difficulty Birthing)
* Increased Risk During Surgery and Anesthesia
* Digestive Disorders
* Decreased Immune Function
* Skin Problems
* Increased Risk of Cancer
* Decreased Life Expectancy

Beyond the normal health risks, obesity causes Cushing’s Disease, Hypothyroidism, and Diabetes Mellitus. Below are descriptions of each disease:
Cushing’s Disease (hyperadrenocorticism): caused by a tumor on the adrenal gland or the pituitary gland; more common in middle to older age dogs; signs include increased drinking and urination, enlarged abdomen, increased appetite, panting, muscle weakness, high blood pressure, increased skin problems, and hair loss.

Hypothyroidism: common in medium to large breeds during their middle ages; caused by a decrease in thyroid hormone production, which lowers the dog’s metabolism and slows the body’s ability to burn fats; signs include excessive fur loss, ear infections, weight gain, and lethargy.
Diabetes Mellitus: common in middle to older age dogs; caused when the pancreas under produces the insulin that helps the body use sugars, fats, and proteins; signs include frequent urination, excessive appetite, and increased water drinking.